![]() ![]() While causal links cannot be established in these experiments, the results indicate that the diurnal variation of some aspects of football performance is affected by factor(s) other than body temperature alone. Body temperature peaked at a similar time, but positive mood states seemed to peak slightly earlier. Results indicate football players perform at an optimum between 16:00 and 20:00 h when not only football-specific skills but also measures of physical performance are at their peak. Diurnal variation was also found for football-specific tests, including dribbling time (p<0.001, peak at 20:00 h) and chip test performance (p<0.01), being more accurate at 16:00 h (mean error=0.75 m) than at 08:00 h (mean error=1.01 m). Peaks occurred between 16:00 and 20:00 h and the daytime changes paralleled the temperature rhythm. Diurnal variation was found for performance tests, including sit-and-reach flexibility (p<0.01) and spinal hyper-extension (p<0.05). Significant (repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA) diurnal variations were found for body temperature (p0.05). For older children and adults, oral readings are usually accurate as long as the mouth is closed while the thermometer is in place. Time-of-day changes in intra-aural temperature (used as a marker of the body clock), grip strength, reaction times, flexibility (markers of aspects of performance), juggling and dribbling tasks, and wall-volley test (football-specific skills) were compared. Temperatures taken from the armpit are usually the least accurate. 31,32 A higher than normal temperature reading can be a result of pyrexia (i.e., fever) caused by infection, tissue breakdown (e.g., MI), or neurological (e.g., brain tumor). Measurements were made on different days at 08:00, 12:00, 16:00, and 20:00 h in a counterbalanced manner. A normal body temperature reading is 35.837.3☌ (96.4☏ to 99.14☏). In the first study, eight diurnally active male association football players (19.1+/-1.9 yrs of age mean+/-SD) with 10.8+/-2.1 yrs playing experience participated. The purpose of the present research, consisting of two separate studies, was to determine whether game-related skills varied with time of day in phase with global markers of both performance and the body clock. Association football involves a variety of fitness components as well as psychomotor and game-related cognitive skills. Football (soccer) training and matches are scheduled at different times throughout the day. ![]()
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